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Ping
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1996-10-13
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December 11, 1993 PING (BSD 4.4)
This following is a hand translation of the man page that comes with the
BSD 4.4 ping. The original man page is also included for those with the
means to do a better formatting job. - Adam
***************** VERY IMPORTANT *****************
DO NOT USE THE FLOOD PING OR PRELOAD PING FACILITIES UNLESS YOU ARE
AUTHORISED TO DO SO, AND ONLY THEN WHEN THERE IS A *VERY* GOOD REASON.
USE OF THESE TWO FACILITIES WILL PUT A VERY HEAVY STRAIN ON A NETWORK.
------------------
Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
This product includes software developed by the University of
California, Berkeley and its contributors.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.
------------------
ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
ping -dfLnqRrv
-c <count> -I <ifaddr> -i <wait> -l <preload> -p <pattern> -s <packetsize>
-t <ttl> <host>
DESCRIPTION
Ping uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit
an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway.
ECHO_REQUEST datagrams ("pings") have an IP and ICMP header, followed by
a struct timeval and then an arbitrary number of "pad" bytes used to
fill out the packet.
The options are as follows:
c <count> Stop after sending (and receiving) <count> ECHO_RESPONSE
packets.
d Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.
f Flood ping.
Outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred
times per second, whichever is more. For every
ECHO_REQUEST sent a period "." is printed, while for every
ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed. This provides
a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped.
Only the super-user may use this option.
This can be very hard on a network and should be used with
caution.
***** DO NOT USE THIS UNLESS YOU ARE AUTHORISED TO DO SO AND HAVE
A VERY GOOD REASON. - Adam
i <wait> Wait <wait> seconds between sending each packet.
The default is to wait for one second between each packet.
This option is incompatible with the f option.
l <preload> If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets as
fast as possible before falling into its normal mode of
behavior.
***** AVOID THIS TOO! - Adam
n Numeric output only.
No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names for host
addresses.
p <pattern> You may specify up to 16 "pad" bytes to fill out the
packet you send.
This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a
network. For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to
be filled with all ones.
q Quiet output.
Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at startup
time and when finished.
R Record route.
Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in the ECHO_REQUEST
packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets.
Note that the IP header is only large enough for nine such
routes. Many hosts ignore or discard this option.
r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a
host on an attached network.
If the host is not on a directly-attached network, an
error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local
host through an interface that has no route through it
(e.g., after the interface was dropped by routed).
s <size> Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent.
The default is 56, which translates into 64 ICMP data
bytes when combined with the 8 bytes of ICMP header data.
v Verbose output.
ICMP packets other than ECHO_RESPONSE that are received
are listed.
In addition, the following options may be used for multicast pings:
I <ifaddr> Transmit using the specified interface address.
L Disable the loopback, so the transmitting host doesn't see
the ICMP requests.
t <ttl> Use the specified time-to-live.
Note: these have no effect available in this Risc OS release as
multicasting is not supported. However, should multicasting be
supportted in future, I will re-enable this code. - Adam
When using ping for fault isolation, it should first be run on the local
host, to verify that the local network interface is up and running.
Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be "pinged".
Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. If duplicate
packets are received, they are not included in the packet loss
calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used in
calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers. When
the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or if the
program is terminated with ESCAPE a brief summary is displayed.
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
management. Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is
unwise to use ping during normal operations or from automated scripts.
ICMP PACKET DETAILS
An IP header without options is 20 bytes. An ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet
contains an additional 8 bytes worth of ICMP header followed by an
arbitrary amount of data. When a packetsize is given, this indicated the
size of this extra piece of data (the default is 56). Thus the amount of
data received inside of an IP packet of type ICMP ECHO_REPLY will always
be 8 bytes more than the requested data space (the ICMP header).
If the data space is at least eight bytes large, ping uses the first
eight bytes of this space to include a timestamp which it uses in the
computation of round trip times. If less than eight bytes of pad are
specified, no round trip times are given.
DUPLICATE AND DAMAGED PACKETS
Ping will report duplicate and damaged packets. Duplicate packets should
never occur, and seem to be caused by inappropriate link-level
retransmissions. Duplicates may occur in many situations and are rarely
(if ever) a good sign, although the presence of low levels of duplicates
may not always be cause for alarm.
Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often indicate
broken hardware somewhere in the ping packet's path (in the network or
in the hosts).
TRYING DIFFERENT DATA PATTERNS
The (inter)network layer should never treat packets differently
depending on the data contained in the data portion. Unfortunately,
data-dependent problems have been known to sneak into networks and
remain undetected for long periods of time. In many cases the particular
pattern that will have problems is something that doesn't have
sufficient "transitions", such as all ones or all zeros, or a pattern
right at the edge, such as almost all zeros. It isn't necessarily enough
to specify a data pattern of all zeros (for example) on the command line
because the pattern that is of interest is at the data link level, and
the relationship between what you type and what the controllers transmit
can be complicated.
This means that if you have a data-dependent problem you will probably
have to do a lot of testing to find it. If you are lucky, you may manage
to find a file that either can't be sent across your network or that
takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files. You can
then examine this file for repeated patterns that you can test using the
p option of ping.
TTL DETAILS
The TTL value of an IP packet represents the maximum number of IP routers
that the packet can go through before being thrown away.
In current practice you can expect each router in the Internet to decrement
the TTL field by exactly one.
The TCP/IP specification states that the TTL field for TCP packets should
be set to 60, but many systems use smaller values (4.3 BSD uses 30, 4.2 used
15).
The maximum possible value of this field is 255, and most Unix systems set
the TTL field of ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to 255.
This is why you will find you can "ping" some hosts, but not reach them
with telnet or ftp.
In normal operation ping prints the ttl value from the packet it receives.
When a remote system receives a ping packet, it can do one of three things
with the TTL field in its response:
o Not change it; this is what Berkeley Unix systems did before the
4.3 tahoe release.
o In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus
the number of routers in the round-trip path.
o Set it to 255; this is what current Berkeley Unix systems do. In
this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus
the number of routers in the path from the remote system to the
pinging host.
o Set it to some other value. Some machines use the same value for
ICMP packets that they use for TCP packets, for example either 30
or 60. Others may use completely wild values.
BUGS
Many Hosts and Gateways ignore the RECORD_ROUTE option.
The maximum IP header length is too small for options like RECORD_ROUTE
to be completely useful. There's not much that that can be done about
this, however.
Flood pinging is not recommended in general, and flood pinging the
broadcast address should only be done under very controlled conditions.
SEE ALSO
netstat, ifconfig, routed.
HISTORY
The command appeared in BSD 4.3.
------------------
***************** VERY IMPORTANT *****************
DO NOT USE THE FLOOD PING OR PRELOAD PING FACILITIES UNLESS YOU ARE
AUTHORISED TO DO SO, AND ONLY THEN WHEN THERE IS A *VERY* GOOD REASON.
USE OF THESE TWO FACILITIES WILL PUT A VERY HEAVY STRAIN ON A NETWORK.
------------------
Ported to Risc OS by Adam Goodfellow. 03 Dec 1994.
Other Acorn TCP/IP compatible ports from NetBSD 4.4:
traceroute Route tracing utility *
resolve cacheing resolver
* this requires the internet module to be patched in order to fix a
bug/defficiency with raw IP sockets in NetBSD 4.3. This patch is
included with traceroute.